SherbyNet - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>Whitespace (programming language)</title>

</head>

Whitespace (programming language)

</h1>

</header>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For syntactically significant whitespace in non-esoteric programming languages, see <a href="Off-side_rule" title="Off-side rule">Off-side rule</a>.</div>

Whitespace is an <a href="Esoteric_programming_language" title="Esoteric programming language">esoteric</a> <a href="Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a> with <a href="Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a> where only <a href="Whitespace_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitespace characters">whitespace characters</a> (<a href="Space_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Space character">space</a>, <a href="Tab_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Tab character">tab</a> and <a href="Linefeed" class="mw-redirect" title="Linefeed">linefeed</a>) have meaning – contrasting typical languages that largely ignore whitespace characters.

As a consequence of its syntax, Whitespace <a href="Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a> can be contained within the whitespace of code written in a language that ignores whitespace – making the text a <a href="Polyglot_(computing)" title="Polyglot (computing)">polyglot</a>.<a href="#cite_note-parker-2">[2]</a>

Whitespace is an <a href="Imperative_programming" title="Imperative programming">imperative</a>, <a href="Stack-oriented_programming" title="Stack-oriented programming">stack-based</a> language.

The programmer can push arbitrary-width <a href="Integer" title="Integer">integer</a> values onto a <a href="Stack_(abstract_data_type)" title="Stack (abstract data type)">stack</a> and access a <a href="Dynamic_memory_allocation" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic memory allocation">heap</a> to store data.

An <a href="Interpreter_(computing)" title="Interpreter (computing)">interpreter</a>, along with its <a href="Haskell" title="Haskell">Haskell</a> source code, is provided by the Whitespace creators.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

Edwin Brady and Chris Morris, who also developed the Kaya and <a href="Idris_(programming_language)" title="Idris (programming language)">Idris</a> languages, created Whitespace in 2002 at the <a href="University_of_Durham" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Durham">University of Durham</a>.

<a href="Slashdot" title="Slashdot">Slashdot</a> published a review on <a href="April_Fool's_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="April Fool's Day">April Fool's Day</a> 2003.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a>

The idea of using whitespace characters as operators for the <a href="C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a> language had been facetiously suggested five years earlier by <a href="Bjarne_Stroustrup" title="Bjarne Stroustrup">Bjarne Stroustrup</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syntax">Syntax</h2></div>

Whitespace defines a command as a sequence of whitespace characters. For example, <code>[Tab][Space][Space][Space]</code> performs arithmetic addition of the top two elements on the stack.

A command is written as an instruction modification parameter (IMP) followed by an operation and then any parameters.

IMP sequences include:

<th>Meaning

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>[Space]</td>

<td>Stack Manipulation

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>[Tab][Space]</td>

<td>Arithmetic

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Heap Access

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>[LineFeed]</td>

<td>Flow Control

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>[Tab][LineFeed]</td>

<td>I/O

</td></tr></tbody></table>

Operator sequences, organized by IMP, include:<a href="#cite_note-whitespace-1">[1]</a>

<th>Operator</th>

<th>Parameter</th>

<th>Meaning

</th>

<th>Minimum size of the stack required*

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>[Space]</td>

<td>Number</td>

<td>Push the number onto the stack

</td>

<td>0

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>[Space]</td>

<td>[LF][Space]</td>

<td>Duplicate the top item on the stack

</td>

<td>1

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>[Space]</td>

<td>[Tab][Space]</td>

<td>Number n</td>

<td>Copy the nth item on the stack (given by the argument) onto the top of the stack**

</td>

<td>n+1

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>[Space]</td>

<td>Swap the top two items on the stack

</td>

<td>2

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>[Space]</td>

<td>Discard the top item on the stack

</td>

<td>1

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>[Space]</td>

<td>Number n</td>

<td>Slide n items off the stack, keeping the top item**

</td>

<td>may be less than n+1,

but at least 1 item

(top of the stack)

is required

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>[Tab][Space]</td>

<td>[Space][Space]</td>

<td>Addition

</td>

<td>2

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>[Tab][Space]</td>

<td>[Space][Tab]</td>

<td>Subtraction

</td>

<td>2

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>[Tab][Space]</td>

<td>[Space][LF]</td>

<td>Multiplication

</td>

<td>2

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>[Tab][Space]</td>

<td>Integer division

</td>

<td>2 (top may not be 0)

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>[Tab][Space]</td>

<td><a href="Modulo_operation" class="mw-redirect" title="Modulo operation">Modulo</a>

</td>

<td>2 (top may not be 0)

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>[Space]</td>

<td>Store in heap

</td>

<td>2

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Retrieve from heap

</td>

<td>1

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>[Space][Space]</td>

<td>Label</td>

<td>Mark a location in the program

</td>

<td>0

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>[Space][Tab]</td>

<td>Label</td>

<td>Call a subroutine

</td>

<td>0

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>[Space][LF]</td>

<td>Label</td>

<td>Jump to a label

</td>

<td>0

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>[Tab][Space]</td>

<td>Label</td>

<td>Jump to a label if the top of the stack is zero

</td>

<td>1

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Label</td>

<td>Jump to a label if the top of the stack is negative

</td>

<td>1

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>End a subroutine and transfer control back to the caller

</td>

<td>0 (callstack: 1)

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>End the program

</td>

<td>0

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>[Space][Space]</td>

<td>Output the character at the top of the stack

</td>

<td>1

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>[Space][Tab]</td>

<td>Output the number at the top of the stack

</td>

<td>1

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>[Tab][Space]</td>

<td>Read a character and place it in the location given by the top of the stack

</td>

<td>1

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Read a number and place it in the location given by the top of the stack

</td>

<td>1

</td></tr></tbody></table>

*Due to Haskell being lazily evaluated, the effect of the stack being too small may only show when, for example, invoking the outputting a number side-effect.

**The copy and slide operations were added in Whitespace 0.3.<a href="#cite_note-whitespace-1">[1]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comments">Comments</h3></div>

Characters other than <code>space</code>, <code>tab</code> and <code>linefeed</code> are ignored and thus can be used for comments.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Numbers">Numbers</h3></div>

A numeric value is represented as a sequence of <code>space</code> and <code>tab</code> characters that represent 0 and 1 respectively and terminated by a <code>linefeed</code>. The first character represents the <a href="Sign_(mathematics)" title="Sign (mathematics)">sign</a> of the value – <code>space</code> for positive and <code>tab</code> for negative. Subsequent characters before the terminator represent the binary digits of a value.

For example:

<ul><li>[space][tab][space][space][tab][space][tab][tab][linefeed] (STSSTSTTL) is positive since it starts with <code>space</code> and represents 1001011 in binary, which is 75 in decimal.</li>

<li>[tab][tab][tab][space][space][tab][space][linefeed] (TTTSSTSL) is negative since it starts with <code>tab</code> and represents -110010 in binary which is −50 in decimal.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Labels">Labels</h3></div>

A label is used for <a href="Control_flow" title="Control flow">control flow</a>. It is a <code>linefeed</code>-terminated sequence of <code>space</code>and <code>tab</code> characters. As there is only one namespace, all labels must be unique.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sample_code">Sample code</h2></div>

The following source code is for a Whitespace <a href="Hello_world_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Hello world program">"Hello, world!"</a> program. For clarity, it is annotated with <code>S</code>, <code>T</code> and <code>L</code> before each

<code>space</code>,

<code>tab</code>, and <code>linefeed</code>.

<pre>S S S T S S T S S S L:Push_+1001000=72='H'_onto_the_stack

T L

S S :Output_'H';_S S S T T S S T S T L:Push_+1100101=101='e'_onto_the_stack

T L

S S :Output_'e';_S S S T T S T T S S L:+1101100=108='l'

T L

S S S S S T T S T T S S L:+1101100=108='l'

T L

S S S S S T T S T T T T L:+1101111=111='o'

T L

S S S S S T S T T S S L:+101100=44=','

T L

S S S S S T S S S S S L:+100000=32=Space

T L

S S S S S T T T S T T T L:+1110111=119='w'

T L

S S S S S T T S T T T T L:+1101111=111='o'

T L

S S S S S T T T S S T S L:+1110010=114='r'

T L

S S S S S T T S S T S S L=+1100100=100='d'

T L

S S S S S T S S S S T L:+100001=33='!'

T L

S S :Output_'!';_L

L:End_the_program

</pre>

When Whitespace source code is displayed in some browsers, the horizontal spacing produced by a tab character is not fixed, but depends on its location in the text relative to the next <a href="Tab_key#HTML" title="Tab key">horizontal tab stop</a>. Depending on the software, tab characters may also get replaced by the corresponding variable number of space characters.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150618184706/http://compsoc.dur.ac.uk/whitespace/tutorial.php">"Whitespace"</a>. Compsoc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://compsoc.dur.ac.uk/whitespace/tutorial.php">the original</a> on 18 June 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2015.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-parker-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-parker_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-parker_2-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFParker2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Matt_Parker" title="Matt Parker">Parker, Matt</a> (2019). Humble Pi: a comedy of maths errors. Allen Lane. p. 21. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-241-36023-1</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFTimothy2003" class="citation web cs1">Timothy (1 April 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://developers.slashdot.org/story/03/04/01/0332202/New-Whitespace-Only-Programming-Language">"New Whitespace-Only Programming Language"</a>. Slashdot. Retrieved 23 January 2014.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFStroustrup" class="citation web cs1">Stroustrup, Bjarne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stroustrup.com/whitespace98.pdf">"Generalizing Overloading for C++2000"</a> (PDF). Florham Park, NJ, USA: AT&T Labs. Retrieved 23 January 2014.</cite>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150618184706/http://compsoc.dur.ac.uk/whitespace/tutorial.php">Official website</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://developers.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=03/04/01/0332202">Release announcement on Slashdot</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/wspace/corpus">The Whitespace Corpus</a> A collection of interpreters, compilers, and programs for Whitespace</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/hostilefork/whitespacers/">Collection of Whitespace interpreters in various script languages</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://metacpan.org/module/Acme::Bleach">Acme::Bleach</a> A <a href="Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a> module that rewrites the body of your module to a whitespace-only encoding ("for really clean programs").</li></ul>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Esoteric_programming_languages165" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div id="Esoteric_programming_languages165" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Esoteric_programming_language" title="Esoteric programming language">Esoteric programming languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Beatnik_(programming_language)" title="Beatnik (programming language)">Beatnik</a></li>

<li><a href="Befunge" title="Befunge">Befunge</a></li>

<li><a href="Brainfuck" title="Brainfuck">Brainfuck</a></li>

<li><a href="FRACTRAN" title="FRACTRAN">FRACTRAN</a></li>

<li><a href="INTERCAL" title="INTERCAL">INTERCAL</a></li>

<li><a href="JSFuck" title="JSFuck">JSFuck</a></li>

<li><a href="LOLCODE" title="LOLCODE">LOLCODE</a></li>

<li><a href="Malbolge" title="Malbolge">Malbolge</a></li>

<li><a href="One-instruction_set_computer" title="One-instruction set computer">One-instruction set computer</a></li>

<li><a href="Shakespeare_Programming_Language" title="Shakespeare Programming Language">Shakespeare Programming Language</a></li>

<li><a href="Unlambda" title="Unlambda">Unlambda</a></li>

</ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> Category</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

</div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-23" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Whitespace_(programming_language)&oldid=1302151225">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

</div>

</div></div>

</div>

</main>

</div>

</body></html>